Case Analysis Blind Faith - 988 Words

Ethical Case Analysis Case-2 Blind Faith Summary of Case: Your client, Chris, has entered counseling to work on interpersonal relationships. In the 3rd session, Chris reports having grown up family where violence, alcohol, and financial problems were significant factors. Christ indicates that life has always been unpredictable and people untrustworthy. Consequently, Chris is lonely and depressed. While telling you this story, Chris becomes emotionally distraught and on the verge of tears. I response to this scene you†¦ Ethical Issue in Case: finding out the true and whether or not to reported, Chris appears to have some lingering child issues, depression, thrust issues, Possible childhood trauma. Nature and Dimension of Ethical†¦show more content†¦491 Board 2009 Florida Statutes: 491.0143 Practice of sex therapy. --Only a person licensed by this chapter who meets the qualifications set by the board may hold herself or himself out as a sex therapist. The board shall define these qualifications by rule. In establishing these qualifications, the board may refer to the sexual disorder and sexual dysfunction sections of the most current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association or other relevant publications. Potential 3 (minimum) courses of action which can be taken with potential consequences: Option 1 and Consequence: the counselor could assume that the client was sexually, physically, and emotionally abuse during the client’s childhood. Insisted that the client share with her/him the traumatic events and seek supervision and discussed the client’s case without the client acknowledge. This action could violate the confidentially and the morals codes of the client and could do harm and could increased trust issues. Option 2 and Consequence: The counselor could ask the client what he is feeling in that moment to obtain more concrete information about what is really causing those high emotions to arise. This way the counselor could obtain more information about the client to decide if the counselor has the expertise necessary to attend the client.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Science vs. Religion1302 Words   |  6 Pagesconflicts have been on for centuries. For both religious and scientific ideals, the faith people have drives them. In this paper, I will examine the story of â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† by G.K. Chesterton, and the episode â€Å"House vs. God† of House, M.D., in order to question this conflict. The main character—Father Brown—in â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† combines his reasoning with his religious ideals and beliefs, or we can say his faith in God leads him to the truth of the crime. 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Swot Analysis for Coke Free Essays

Strengths Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and  Threats involved in the business Coca Cola SWOT ANALYSIS The Coca-Cola Company (Coca-Cola) is a leading  manufacturer, distributor and marketer of  Non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, in the world. Coca-Cola has a strong brandname and brand  portfolio. Business-Week and Interbrand, a branding consultancy, recognizeCoca-Cola as one of the leading brands in their top 100  global brands ranking in 2006. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis for Coke or any similar topic only for you Order Now TheBusiness Week-Interbred valued Coca-Cola at $67,000 million in 2006. Coca-Cola ranks wellahead of its close competitor Pepsi which has a ranking of 22  having a brand value of $12,690million The Company’s strong brand value facilitates customer recall and allows  Coca-Cola topenetrate markets. However, the company  is threatened by intense competition which could  havean adverse impact on the company’s market share. Strengths Weaknesses World’s leading brand Large scale of operations Robust revenue growth in three segment Negative publicity Sluggish performance in  North America Decline in cash from operating  activities Opportunities Threats Acquisitions Intense competition Growing bottled water market Growing Hispanic population in USIntense competition. Dependence on bottling partners Sluggish growth of carbonated beverages Strengths World’s leading brand Coca-Cola has strong brand recognition across the globe. The company has a leading brand value and a  strong brand portfolio. Business-Week and Interbrand, a branding  consultancy, recognize. Coca-Cola as one of the leading brands in their top 100  global brands ranking in2006. The Business Week-Interbrand valued Coca-Cola at $67,000 million in 2006. Coca-Colaranks well ahead of its close competitor Pepsi which has a ranking of 22  having a brand value of  $12,690 million Furthermore, Coca-Cola owns a large portfolio of  product brands. The company owns four of the top five soft drink brands in the  world: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Strong brands allow the company  to introduce brand extensions such  as Vanilla Coke, CherryCoke and Coke with Lemon. Over the years, the company has  made large investments in brand promotions. Consequently, Coca-cola is one  of the best recognized  global brands. The company’s strong brand value facilitates customer recall and  allows Coca-Cola to penetrate new markets and consolidate existing ones. Strengths World’s leading brand Coca-Cola has strong brand recognition across the globe. The company has a leading brandvalue and a  strong brand portfolio. Business-Week and Interbrand, a branding  consultancy,recognize. Coca-Cola as one of the leading brands in their top 100  global brands ranking in2006. The Business Week-Interbrand valued Coca-Cola at $67,000 million in 2006. Coca-Colaranks well ahead of its close competitor Pepsi which has a ranking of 22  having a brand value of  $12,690 million Furthermore, Coca-Cola owns a large portfolio of  product brands. The companyowns four of the top five soft drink brands in the  world: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Strong brands allow the company  to introduce brand extensions such  as Vanilla Coke, CherryCoke and Coke with Lemon. Over the years, the company has  made large investments in brandpromotions. Consequently, Coca-cola is one  of the best recognized  global brands. Thecompany’s strong brand value facilitates customer recall and  allows Coca-Cola to penetrate newmarkets and consolidate existing ones. Coca-Cola Company, The SWOT Analysis Large scale of  operations With revenues in excess of $24 billion Coca-Cola has a large scale of  operation. Coca-Cola is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of  nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. Coco-Cola is selling trademarked beverage products since the year 1886 in the US. The company currently sells its products in more than 200 countries. Of the approximately 52billion  beverage  servings  of  all  types  consumed  worldwide  every  day,  beverages  bearingtrademarks owned by or licensed to Coca-Cola account for more than 1. 4 billion. The company’s operations are supported by  a strong infrastructure across the world. Coca-Cola owns and  operates  32  principal beverage concentrates  and/or  syrup manufacturing plantslocatedthroughout the world. In addition, it owns or has interest in 37 operations with 95 principalbeverage bottling and  canning  plants  located outside the  US. The  company  also owns bottledwater  production  and  still  beverage  facilities  as  well  as  a  facility  that  manufactures  juiceconcentrates. The  company’s large  scale  of operation allows it  to  feed upcoming  markets withrelative ease and enhances  its revenue generation capacity. Robust revenue growth in three segments Coca-cola’s revenues recorded a double digit  growth, in three operating segments. These threesegments are Latin America, ‘East, South Asia, and  Pacific Rim’ and Bottling investments. Revenues from Latin America grew by 20. % during fiscal 2006,  over 2005. During the  sameperiod, revenues from ‘East, South Asia, and Pacific Rim’ grew by 10. 6% while revenues from  thebottling investments segment by  19. 9%. Together, the  three segments of  Latin America, ‘East,South Asia, and Pacific Rim’ and bottling investments, accounted for 34. 8% of tot al revenuesduring fiscal 2006. Robust revenues growth rates in these segments  contributed to top-linegrowth for Coca-Cola during 2006. Weaknesses Negative  publicity The company  received negative publicity  in  India  during  September 2006. The  company  wasaccused  by  the  Center  for  Science  and  Environment  (CSE)  of  selling  products  containingpesticide residues. Coca-Cola products sold in and around the Indian national capital regioncontained  a  hazardous  pesticide  residue. These  pesticides included chemicals which  couldcause cancers, damage the nervous  and reproductive systems and reduce bone  mineral density. Such negative publicity could adversely impact the company’s brand image and the demand for  Coca-Cola products. This could also have an  adverse impact on the company’s growth prospectsin the international markets. Sluggish performance in North America Coca-Cola’s performance in North America was far from robust. North America is Coca-Cola’score market generating  about 30%  of total  revenues during  fiscal  2006. Therefore, a  strongperformance in North America is important for the company. Coca-Cola Company, The SWOT AnalysisIn North America the sale of unit cases did not record any growth. Unit case retail volume inNorth America decreased 1% primarily due to weak sparkling beverage trends in the second half  of  2006 and  decline  in the  warehouse-delivered water and  juice  businesses. Moreover,  thecompany also expects performance in  North America to be  weak during 2007. Sluggish performance in North America could impact the company’s future growth prospects andprevent Coca-Cola from recording a more  robust top-line growth. Decline in cash from  operating activities The company’s cash flow from operating activities declined during fiscal 2006. Cash flows fromoperating activities decreased 7% in 2006 compared to 2005. Net cash provided by  operatingactivities reached $5,957 million in 2006, from $6,423 million in 2005. Coca-Cola’s cash flowsfrom operating activities in 2006 also decreased compared with 2005 as a result of a contributionof  approximately $216  million to  a  tax-qualified trust  to  fund retiree medical benefits. Thedecrease was also the result of certain marketing accruals recorded in 2005. Decline in cash from operating  activities reduces availability of funds for the company’s investingand financing activities, which, in turn, increases the  company’s exposure to debt markets andfluctuating interest rates. Opportunities Acquisitions For the last one year, Coca-Cola has been aggressively adopting the inorganic growth path. During  2006,  its  acquisitions  included  Kerry  Beverages,  (KBL),  which  was  subsequently,reappointed Coca-Cola China Industries (CCCIL). Coca-Cola acquired a controlling shareholdingin KBL, its bottling joint venture with the Kerry Group, in Hong Kong. The acquisition extendedCoca-Cola’s control over manufacturing and distribution joint ventures in nine Chinese provinces. In Germany the company acquired Apollinaris which sells sparkling and still mineral water inGermany. Coca-Cola has also acquired a 100% interest in TJC Holdings, a bottling company inSouth Africa. Coca-Cola also made acquisitions in Australia and New Zealand during 2006. These acquisitions strengthened Coca-Cola’s international operations. These also give Coca-Cola an opportunity for growth, through new product launch or greater penetration of existingmarkets. Stronger  international  operations  increase  the  company’s  capacity  to  penetrate  internationalmarkets and also gives it an opportunity to diversity its revenue stream. Coca-Cola Company, The SWOT Analysis Growing bottled water market Bottled water is one of the fastest-growing segments in the world’s food and beverage marketowing to increasing health concerns. The market for bottled water in the US generated revenuesof about $15. 6 billion in 2006. Market consumption volumes were estimated to be 30 billion litersin 2006. The market’s consumption volume is expected to rise to 38. 6 billion units by the end of  2010. This represents a CAGR of 6. 9% during 2005-2010. In terms of value, the bottled water  market is forecast to reach $19. 3 billion by the end of 2010. In the bottled water market, therevenue  of  flavored  water  (water-based, slightly sweetened  refreshment  drink)  segment  isgrowing by about  $10 billion annually. The company’s Dasani brand water is  the third best-sellingbottled water in the US. Coca-Cola could leverage its strong position in the bottled water segment to take advantage of  growing demand for  flavored water. Growing Hispanic population in US How to cite Swot Analysis for Coke, Essay examples

Math as it Relates to Biology Example For Students

Math as it Relates to Biology Mathematics and many of its aspects are a major part of everyday life. We spend the majority of our school years studying and learning the concepts of it. Many times, the question of Why do we need to know these things? has been asked of a teacher by his or her students. The following will explain the history and purpose of mathematics in the role of a biologist. There are various fields that are found within the subject of biology, so different kinds of mathematics are often utilized that are best suited for special applications that are required in said areas of work/study. There is, for example, a ub-field known as bioeconomics. This area focuses on such things as agriculture and crop yields (among other things). Believe it or not, this science requires a great deal of Geometry. Geometry is an ancient Greek term meaning measure of the earth. Even in ancient times, farmers along the Nile river needed Geometry. You see, in ancient Egypt, the Nile would flood its banks each year, flooding the land and destroying the farm areas. When the waters receded, the boundaries had to be redefined so that the farmers could use the mineral-rich silt in order to Another interesting aspect of the relationship between mathematics and iology is what has come to be called the Golden Mean. It was formulated by Johannes Kepler and it is dryly defined as the division of a line into mean and extreme ratios. In nature, this becomes highly obvious to the observer. The Golden Mean is believed to be found wherever and whenever there is and intensification of function or a particular beauty and harmony of form. Exponents are shown in the equation spirals based on the roots of 2, 3, and 5. The Golden Mean spiral is found in nature in the beautiful Nautilus shell. The Nautilus is an animal related to the octopus. The shape of its shell was discovered by marine biologists to be esponsible for allowing the Nautilus to live so deep in the ocean, as it allows for adaptation to pressures that occur in very deep water. So, you see, the Golden Mean spiral is what allows for the existence of one of the most odd creatures of the marine world. The spiral is also found to be overlapping in the fetus of man and animals, and as you will see- is present in the biological growth patterns of many plants. This is of great interest to botanists, biologists who specialize in the For example, the distribution of seeds in a sunflower is governed by the Golden Mean spiral. The sunflower has 55 clockwise spirals overlaid into either Additionally, the name Fibonacci often appears to describe natural occurrences. The Fibonacci Series governs the laws involved with physics, but that is not my point of focus. I would rather have you be drawn towards animal populations, as the Fibonacci Series portrays the breeding patterns of rabbits, and the ratio of males to females in the hives of honey bees, wasps, termites, and ants (basically, any insect that lives in a colony). Such things are interesting to a population biologist, and it could also be very important to entomologists, which are biologists who specialize in the study of insects. A botanist would choose to xamine the Fibonacci Series because of the distribution of leaves around a central stem. All the members of fractions lie between and 1/3, creating a situation where leaves are separated from one another by at least one third of the stems circumference, therefore ensuring a maximum amount of available light and air for the leaf which is below the preceding one. The Golden Section can be found in all flowers having five petals or multiples of five, the daisy will always have a number of petals from the Fibonacci Series. The rose family is one of those based on five, as are all the flowers of the edible fruit-bearing plants. .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .postImageUrl , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:hover , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:visited , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:active { border:0!important; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:active , .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3 .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86557a18c49a7d1d3792507ae2082cc3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sport Psychology EssayWalnuts, for example, grow in clusters of five and six are truly rare (and probably due to mutation). The plants displaying a six-fold structure such as the tulip, lily, and the poppy are poisonous or only medicinal for man. The mathematical order found in nature seems quite astounding, and can often make one wonder if all of this beauty, order, and structure really is the result of some natural mistake, rather than a higher power who knows math is rather effective for sorting out the universe, but An amazing amount of math is necessary to be a physiologist. A physiologist is a type of biologist who studies structure and function. Their pplications of math to their work is amplified when compared to a number of other kinds of biologists. One of these applications is in the study of respiration and gas exchange. An example of this can easily be seen with the difference in the rate of diffusion of oxygen in air and water. 7 ml of O2 can dissolve in one liter of water, while 209 ml of O2 can dissolve in air. The rate of diffusion in water is inversely proportional to the square root of molecular weight. All of this is assumed to be at one atmosphere, which is what the air pressure is at sea level. Also, for an animal to maintain 44 mm Hg of pressure (up from 40 mm Hg) for as exchange, it has to double its rate of respiration. Rates, dealing with reactions of an enzyme, are incredibly important in biological science, as life cannot exist without sustained biochemical reactions. So, there is clearly evidence that Calculus plays a role in the understanding of biology as well. When speaking of metabolism, the rate quotient (RQ) is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide released divided by the amount of oxygen consumed. When the lean body mass of an animal is doubled, the metabolic rate increases by an additional 75%. Proportionately, though, it goes down. It is at this point that I would like to exercise some freedom and stray slightly from the original purpose of the paper. As a first-year student, I am fortunate in that I am placed in an elite group of three freshmen who are given free reign in terms of choosing whatever biology courses they want. I am currently taking two third-year classes and, though my math skills are -to say the least- a bit discouraging, I had an epiphany one day during one of my independent studies in maximizing human muscle cell function (by way of increasing efficiency). I, in a flash of biological/mathematical genius (or maybe just dumb luck ? ), created a otally new mathematical formula which determines the maximum amount of tensile strength (the amount of physical tension that can be placed on an elastic or semi-elastic object) the skeletal muscle system of the average human being can withstand. You see, a single muscle fiber is capable of supporting the tension of a weight equal to one thousand times its own mass before it ruptures. By looking at cross sectional analyses of human muscle tissue, I was able to determine that there are, on average, approximately six billion skeletal muscle fibers in the untrained human body. Therefore, I came to the conclusion that: Muscle fiber mass ) * 10^3 * ( 6 billion ) I am not absolutely sure what significance this may ultimately hold, but I can make the assumptions that this formula could be useful when predicting the durability of pilots of high-speed aircraft such as space shuttles and X-planes. Also, with advent of genetic engineering, my formula can be the basis for the creation of more powerful military troops. I have designated each troop to be what I call an M. D. S. , which stands for Most Dangerous Soldier. It is interesting to see how such a simple mathematical formula can be used to further mankind or destroy it. Though not nearly as significant as E=mc^2, it holds promise in many applications, be they for good or for evil. .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .postImageUrl , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:hover , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:visited , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:active { border:0!important; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:active , .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf09b8527bf2cc6d72b32f74610b839ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 7 Deadly Sins Of Fantasy EssayAs you can see, mathematics has much more in common with biological sciences than it is often given credit for. To forsake the role math plays in the understanding of life is a grave mistake, and to ignore references to mathematical advancements of the time long past is to deny our children the opportunity to live better lives than we do. No one aspect of mathematics or science is more or less important. It should be viewed in a synergistic fashion. The final result is greater than the sum of its individual parts.

How does William Golding show evil at work in Lord of the Flies Essay Example

How does William Golding show evil at work in Lord of the Flies Paper In the novel, Golding concentrates a lot on the subject of evil and how the children are evil on the island. I believe that he does this to show how humans can have evil within them, and how it can be brought out in certain situations. I also believe that he has focused on evil a lot in the novel as he has entitled the novel lord of the flies which is the means Beelzebub which is commonly used as a word to describe the devil. In the beginning, Golding immediately brings in the subject of evil as early as when the party of boys, known as the choir joined the group of children, they were wearing long black cloaks when everyone else had taken there clothes off because of the heat, they were described as a creature, a shadow and that they looked like darkness. I believe Golding has used this sense of black to suggest that they are evil. Another thing that I believe that Golding has used in the novel to show how some humans are evil is that Jack took an instant dislike towards Piggy as Piggy was intimidated by this uniformed superiority, before he knew anything about him and then went on to bully him throughout the rest of the novel. Jack constantly called him fatty until he found out about the name Piggy and made everyone laugh at him. Piggy was always an outsider after that incident. I feel that another way in which the novel implies that there is evil on the island is the setting of the scar. We will write a custom essay sample on How does William Golding show evil at work in Lord of the Flies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does William Golding show evil at work in Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does William Golding show evil at work in Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is because the area is unattractive and it is given a name of something that is generally unattractive and something that is unusual scar. I believe that Golding has used this to suggest that bad things have happened to the island and bad things are going to happen to the boys also. Another way in which Golding incorporates evil within the novel is when a child was killed because of the lack of control the boys had over the fire. It also took them a while before that they noticed he was missing and it was Piggy who noticed it. There was also no real sorrow for the boy and they carried on life as if nothing had changed, which shows that they didnt really care about him. I also feel that this shows that the island is unforgiving. I believe that the jungle is another symbol of evil that Golding used. The jungle is often described as the heart of darkness. I believe that this is because there is always something of an evil nature that happens in the jungle or is to have said to have happened in the jungle, as it is the jungle where by the snake-thing is supposed have been seen. Also, it is deep in the forest where the pigs are hunted and killed by the children in a savage manor. Another symbol of evil that Golding uses in the novel is the beast. Although there never actually is a beast, I still feel that it adds to the theme of evil within the novel this is because it makes people scared and live in fear, but I also believe that it is a metaphor for what lies within of the children; an evil beast. Not only this but I also believe that the beast helps us to identify the characters within the novel and gives us more detail about their personality. For example, Ralph and Piggy immediately try to say to the litluns that there isnt a beast to try and save them the discomfort they constantly say But there isnt a beastie! and try to convince everyone that they are confident of that fact. Although they say this we find out that both of these characters do have some doubt about there being a beast however they did the mature thing by acknowledging that it could cause havoc if the litluns thought there was and therefore they denied it. This shows a contrast to the characters of Simon and Jack. Simon obviously has no belief in the beast as he has no fear when he enters the forest by himself whereas all of the other characters are very scared. We arent told how Jack feels about the beast however he tries to contrast Ralph and Piggy idea of trying to keep the litluns not scared by saying but if there was a snake wed hunt it and kill it. This plants into the mind of the litluns that there may be a beast. It also gives Jack power as the litluns now think that he will protect them from the beast by killing it. Another example of evil within the novel involves Roger. He sees Henry, playing with the animals. He threw a stone at Henry but threw to miss this shows that he still had something civilised physiologically stopping him from hitting Henry, although he had a strong urge to do so. This shows that Roger had evil intensions and has evil within. I believe that Golding has used this example of Roger to try and make us think about where evil comes from. He uses Jack and Roger as examples. When Jack arrives on the island he is head boy and head of the choir, this suggests that he is a well-behaved child and is good. However as the novel moves on he becomes sinister and evil. In contrast to this, Roger has evil intensions from the start and wants to hurt Henry. I believe that Golding has done this to try and debate whether evil is occurred by nature or nurture. I believe that the mask is another symbol of evil in the novel. This is because when Jack goes to kill the piglet at the first attempt, he was unable to do it because there was still something civilised about his character. However when he puts the mask on it takes away his identity. Jack becomes an awesome stranger, which is a quote that perfectly describes the change that has occurred in the character of Jack, the mask has taken away his identity and his civilised nature and he has become savage. This savageness enables him to kill the pig. I also believe that the mask is a symbol showing that they have become savage and that they are regressing. This is because masks are most commonly associated with our ancestors who we have evolved in character from. This mask is a symbol of how the boys are regressing back to that savage form. Another way in which it shows how the choir have changed while they have been on the island, obviously, being a choir they were good at singing and did it a lot. However as they regressed on the island this innocent singing became chanting. They chanted kill the pig, cut his throat, spill his blood. Most modern hunter would try to kill the animals in the kindest way, however this chant suggests that the choir are enjoying what they are doing and feel no guilt when they take another animals life. In the novel, certain members of the choir become obsessed with hunting and providing meat. Later on in the novel they kill the sow, I believe the way in which they murder this sow demonstrates how evil the boys have become and is a very symbolic event in the whole novel. It particularly involves the two characters Jack and Roger, who seem to be the most evil two characters of the boys. They chased and hunted the chosen pig and I believe that the fact it was a mother was symbolic, Golding is trying to say that these boys no longer need a mother in their lives and they have become independent. They threw fire-hardened points towards the pig until they injured it and the sow staggered. The hunters followed the injured pig, this shows that desperately wanted the kill; they have become savage and evil. The language that Golding used is sometimes described as the language of rape. This is because he uses words like lust and wedded to describe how the hunters were killing her. The name Roger is commonly associated with a person who is good with a spear and this is shown in this s ection of the novel, Roger ran around the heap, prodding with his spear whenever pigflesh appeared. Along with Roger Jack was also on top of the sow stabbing downwards with his knife. The two boys are being lethal in how they are hunting the sow, and they are doing it in a savage and evil manor. The sow was finally defeated when Jack slit her throat, and the hot blood spouted over his hands, these are very young boys and in modern society, most children their age would be very scared in this position, but these boys are attacking the pig in a gruesome way, this shows what they have become and how much they have changed. After the boys killed the sow, they decided to offer the head to the beast as a gift. They put the head on the spear and take in to the top of the mountain. When Simon is by it he starts having a vision that the pigs head is speaking to him. Golding refers to the pigs head as the Lord of the Flies believe that this is a double meaning, the obvious one is that the flies are feeding on the head, however the Lord of the Flies often has another meaning the devil. I believe that Golding is trying to say that the Lord of the Flies represents all of the evil on the island and within the children. When Simon is talking to the Lord of the Flies, because it is being associated with the devil it is as though good is against bad. The Lord of the Flies then threatens Simon in a headmasters voice and calls him a silly little boy. The Lord of the Flies tells Simon that they are going to have fun on the island and that he shouldnt try to stop them or else. The Lord of the Flies also says that youll meet me down there I believe that this could be a metaphor for hell. It is ironic that soon after this experience, the children kill Simon and the Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the evil within the children. To conclude my essay, I believe that Golding has focused on the theme of evil within the novel to show us how humans can be evil. He wants to show what children can become if they are not guided in the right direction. I also believe that he has focused on the theme of evil as he wants us to consider whether evil is born with all humans and each person has the capability of evil inside them of it is to do with there surroundings. I feel that Golding used a good variety of characters to demonstrate the different characteristics when they are put in a situation and how different types of people can react and how people can be led. I think that Golding want to show people how humans can be evil in every day life and we dont even notice it.

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education Social and Emotional Learning Student Name Institution Affiliation Instructor Name Course Name Course Code Date Social and Emotional Learning Where is the field of social and emotional learning going? What are we trying to emphasize? The concept of Social and emotional learning (SEL) emphasize on the process by which individuals, especially fully grown adults and the younger generations, tame their emotions, prioritize to effectively achieve targets that are positive, accompanying feelings with good deeds towards others and nature good relationship with other individuals. Social and emotional learning promotes competencies among individuals. SEL is important particular ly in this stressful world, in which both the adults and the younger generations have to adapt to the emotional challenges, some of which it's very difficult to be avoided. Thus, Social-emotional learn ing is needed than ever before. SEL emphasis on self-examination, the ability to manage one's emotions, relationship management as well as the ability to make effective decisions . Researches done in the past decades depicts that it is very important for students to balance their academic and social-em otional competencies in order to achieve greater success in careers and life, thus, SEL had been conserve d for only educators . But recently there is shifting, it is no longer reserved for educators rather all researchers, academia, and the public are beginning to better understand that having managed between academics and social and emotional competencies play a critical role in life. Thereof , emphasis on SEL skills will instill effective experiences in learning as well as create a conducive environment that enables the students to achieve better results in schools as well as contribute effectively in both workplaces and to the society . In this case, SEL will ensure a goa l-oriented generation in the future. The widespread of SEL will ensure that socially responsible citizens are produced who are better to build the nation as well as their communities. Though SEL emphasized on development abi lities such a s conscience development, emotional control, open-mindedness and the ability to reason with others is regarded to be very important or even more essential than conscious thoughts in examining employment in futures for effective and efficient results . In spite of those concepts being essential to the students in learning and experience, their implementations prove difficult for the educators. To them, it is very difficult to set effective goals, upskill and examine emotional and social skills . When di d the field start to recognize SEL, who are the top five leading current researchers on this topic? What are the differences between them and what are they focusing on? Li ke a ny other western idea, the root of social-emotional learning is as old as ancient Greece. When Plato wrote about education in The Republic, he proposed that a curriculum that requires a balance between academic , character and moral. But in modern, James Comer began a piloting program in the late 1960s at Yale School of Medicine's Child Center. The program was focusing on two objectives , low achieving and poor performance predominant in African-Ame rican elementary schools in New Haven Connecticut , which had lowest academic achievement and worst attendance in the city. By 1980s the two schools have become the best academic performers to exceed the national average. Up to date , New Have has become a de facto hub in SEL research . SEL. The leading researchers include; Roger Weisberg , Timothy Shriver, Schonert-Reicht Kimberly, Teachers and educators should go through thorough training on how to incorporate social and emotional skills in learning and experiences of the students for better performance both at school and at the workplace ( Weisberg et al. 2015) . It is believed that this approach of incorporating social and emotional skills in the students learning life and experience should not only take place within the school environment but also at the community level, workplace and even at the political context ( Shriver , 2015) . The implementation and enforcement of SEL approaches within the school context rely on the teacher ( Kimberly, 2017 ). Kimberly says that there is a relationship between SEL and the teacher's beliefs as well as their well-being. He added that the success of

Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard - Emphasis

Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard As the adage goes, anything worth having is worth fighting for. But it can be a rude awakening if youve signed onto a nursing degree course and now find your passion for helping people buried under a pile of essays and assignments. Theres no doubt that a degree is great preparation for the challenging career you have ahead of you. But turning complex scientific information into concise writing is not always easy. It can seem like a losing battle especially if you havent been shown how. The secret is to learn how to communicate your ideas and arguments clearly. This can boost your understanding of the clinical material, enabling you to put your people know-how into context. Here are five ways to lay the foundations for writing success. Clarify your main message Before you begin writing, its vital that you know what you really want to say. Answering the questions: What?, Where?, When?, How?, Why? and Who? can help you to organise your ideas. Focus on your reader Your reader is likely to be your university lecturer, who should already be very knowledgeable about the topics you write about. So focus on exactly what they need for each particular assignment. For instance, if your task is to evaluate a variety of health-promotion models, focus on what is most important about each model and write about that first. This will show that you are able to reach a clear conclusion from your research. You can then demonstrate your evaluation skills by expanding on each of your key messages. Keep it short and sweet A survey by Harvard professor D.H. Menzel showed that in technical papers, people find sentences difficult to understand when they are longer than 34 words. So make things easier for your reader by keeping your sentences between 15 and 20 words. One idea, one sentence Consider this sentence: Nurses play an important role in the delivery of healthcare yet some are concerned that they need more autonomy in their work. This actually contains two separate (but linked) ideas, so it would be more helpful to the reader to split the sentence up: Nurses play an important role in the delivery of healthcare. Yet some experts are concerned that they need more autonomy in their work. Splitting up your ideas in this way will give your writing clarity. Use the active voice Traditionally, academic writing uses the passive voice to appear objective and scientific. But the active voice adds movement to your writing and its still scientifically sound. So instead of writing Leadership styles have been investigated by Zane and Prestipino (2004), write Zane and Prestipino (2004) investigated leadership styles. Academic writing doesnt have to be stilted, wordy and difficult to decipher. Practise these techniques and your writing will demonstrate your passion for nursing. Next month, well look at the ins and outs of essay writing. Well also give you some top tips for breaking writers block. Robert Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis. Want to write better documents? See our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810

Reformation A Vital Catalyst for Modernity Term Paper

Reformation A Vital Catalyst for Modernity - Term Paper Example As a consequence Calvin, Erasmus, More, Luther (Brinton 205; 234) and other prominent theologians to question the validity of parts of the New Testament as well as other areas of existing religious thought and practice. The reformation, which eventually resulted from this criticism, can therefore to some extent be seen as a distillation of all the important intellectual movements of the age. The papacy meanwhile continued controlling religious activity throughout the European continent and chose to ignore the tide of revolution that swept across its territory, continuing its money-based piety that worked with mechanical precision regardless of human circumstances. According to the historian Crane Brinton (234 pp), there was not one single area of religious observance in the 16th century that was not in one way or other tied to money. The crisis came when Martin Luther put forward his accusations of misconduct of the church – in the vernacular of the people – and the pap acy answered ‘in Latin’. Oblivious to the changes that had taken place, the papacy attempted to combat Luther with the same worn ‘heresy’ charge of centuries ago, except by then the people had found their champions, of which Luther was only one. The grievances these ‘heroes’ made public were those of nearly every ordinary Christian and for the first time, the people were able to understand what was said. There were many complaints, ninety-seven of them, but the most important ones were, that the Church offered ‘salvation’ in exchange for money, that priests were rich and not subject to the law, and that ordinary people had no access to the bible. Thus the impending reformation was not simply an intellectual exercise but it offered... This paper talks about the Reformation - one of the most influential processes throughout European history. from the 13th century onwards, life changed in leaps and bounds in different areas of human society. These ‘stirrings’ could be felt in many parts of the world, but it was in Europe in particular where a concentration of great thinkers provided the fertile ground from which modernity eventually sprang. There were many milestones along the way, in the form of explorations, discoveries, developing insights and wars. But it was foremost the growing disillusionment with the spiritual guidance of the Catholic Church that was of great importance because it affected all people. This ‘spiritual’ uprising swept across Europe and eventually culminated in the ‘Reformation, which questioned and broke papal authority. It opened up opportunities for new ways of thinking and worshipping, made possible the nation state and shaped the modern world through its int ellectual offsprings. The reformation must therefore be seen as the single most important catalyst for modernity. The paper concludes that, at the time the Reformation took place, the groundswell that brought about liberal revolution was strong already but without curtailing of the power of the Catholic Church, progressive thinkers of the 16th and 17th centuries may well have become the victims of heresy trials – as they had in centuries before the reformation. As it was, the ideals of the reformation were allowed to flourish.

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hotel Management - Essay Example As such, the organization does not have to deal with food problems that may arise; the problems can be solved by the company providing services. The other reason why the outsourcing food service has become a common phenomenon is because an organization can have expertise at providing food services while the other can be an expert at the management of cafeteria. Food services have also become the commonly outsourced function because back up support is provided for the program, as well as the food service team. For example, the company contracted to outsource can provide extra services at no extra cost; this includes expertise for a special function that an organization needs. Organizations in the hotel industry also outsource food services because the company contracted to provide such services provides high quality food at an affordable price. Food service outsourcing has also become common since the manufacturer guarantees production of nutritionally safe food, high quality products, and food of a high standard. Cost savings and labor efficiency, which comes with outsourcing food services, can be regarded as another reason why the outsourcing of food services has become common. The other reason for outsourcing food services is that it allows for price flexibility. Food services are also outsourced since they allow for increased information for nutrition, especially with regard to menu offerings. There are several advantages of outsourcing food services, which accrue to the management contractor. First, contract manufacturing of food services allows clients to have access to up-to-date processes and infrastructures involved in manufacturing. The other advantage is that it helps the management contractor in the management of day-to-day schedules, packaging, production, and management of labor services. The outsourcing of food services also gives the management contractor an opportunity to diversify, as well as evaluate

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Example for Free

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Life is full of obstacles that have been throw our way to see who is the strongest to survive, some make it to the end and some suffer more in the process. When people open up to different opportunities, it is the initial response by human nature to pick the opportunity that will give you the most benefit. The concept of having to pick between two paths has been identified in the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost. There have been times when a person had to choose a specific path that they though they should take but the truth of the matter was it ended up being the wrong choice. In life it is normal for people to make mistakes because we were not created and put in this world to be perfect. Nothing in life can be prefect because there is sadness along side happiness. When reading this poem it is as if I am in this poem and I was watching from the sidelines but I can read into the poets mind. Poems like this are rare; the way they are told with such vivid imagery sets the scenery up in the readers mind. The diction Frost uses to describe the fall season so adequately and imbeds it in the poem to run it more smoothly. In the first stanza, Frost says â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth†, with such poetic significance that he is looking as far as he can into the two roads on one autumn day. He implies that he is sorry in the second line because he has a form of regret that he cannot travel both of the roads laid ahead of him at once. Not only are these the paths to another day but also they are the paths to his future. That is when Frost freezes and has to decide which one would most benefit him. Now he is forced by his own willpower to stumble upon the second road to which he continues to talk about. By using play on words such as â€Å"just† and â€Å"fair† he confuses the reader. Frost has a powerful way of making a poem become a story line by having the reader interpret his thoughts. Frost has the power of using similes when he compares the roads to being fair. Moving through the second stanza he explains that he chose the second road only because he thought it was the rode less taken by any other human. He uses vivid phrases like â€Å"it was  grassy and wanted wear† which makes it known to the readers of this poem that the path he chose to take was the path that not a lot of other people took because it looked fresh without any footsteps. Right when the reader thinks he has figured the poet out, Frost goes and complicates our understanding by comparing the two paths and declaring them equal to one another. Like every great poet, the reader finds everything out line-by-line, which makes his writing more of a mystery than a straightforward poem. In the beginning of the third stanza we learn that it is in fact morning when Frost decides to take the road he has chosen. We figure that out because he writes, â€Å"And both that morning equally lay.† Does he realize that the reason why the road does not look used is because he might be the first person that day to take that path down to success or failure? Frost uses more fancy words in the poem to confuse us but really when he states â€Å"In leaves no step had trodden black.† he mentions the leaves haven’t turned black because people haven’t stepped on them or crushed them. Just like how the leaves survive the night, he compared it to himself in hopes that he will survive as well. Including an epiphany in the writing by saying â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day!† not only shows us regret but also shows us some hopes he has in going back one day and taking the road he did not choose the first time around. The next two lines where Frost wrote â€Å" Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.† really explain the chances of being able to go back are one in a million. It would be foolish of him to think he would have a chance at something that can change in a second. In the final stanza of this great and powerful poem, Frost changes the tense of this poem to where he is in the future looking back to his choices. He uses the word â€Å"sigh† that can portray many meaning as if he said it from happiness or sadness or he is just reflecting upon his experience. But when Frost states â€Å"Somewhere ages and ages hence:† it is obvious that this story he tells us, he will keep telling it many years from now. With a neat way of repeating the first line of the poem he brings his story to an end. The form repetition is used to help put emphasis on the importance of the poem and  with that he says â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—â€Å" in which he compares himself to the road where he is standing. Frost reflects on his decision of taking the one less traveled in confidences that it has made him more unique. And he ended the poem by expressing his experiences and looking back into his decisions. Frost realizes that if he were to take the road not traveled he would not have experienced all that he did. This ending of the poem shows ambiguity because he wants the richest experience possible. Thinking back on this poem helps us understand life much more, the fact that life is full of irony. In particular to this poem, the title of the poem itself is ironic because it is called â€Å"The Road Not Taken† where in fact he puts more emphasis on the road he DID take. This whole poem has been based around dreams, choices, hopes, and plans for the future. The fact that he uses nature as his surrounding he is metaphorically comparing it to life itself. If you were to dissect this poem further, you would realize that the poem is contradicting the way it is set up. While reading a poem about paths and choices it really it only leads you to think of your own struggles you have been through. I never realized how much I have regretted some of the choices I have made in my life. The only difference between my life and this poem was that I had to choose between not one or two paths but three. It also gets harder to distinguish which path you want when all the paths give you exactly one thing you treasure most. This poem connects to me personally because when I was starting high school I had to make a decision whether I wanted to stay with the crowd of friends I had that included some friends my parents didn’t like or to make new friends which meant I had to open up to people, or initially take it one day at a time even if it meant to hurt my parents and go against their decisions. Ultimately it was somewhat of a loss to me because in any choice I made I lost something that was most important to me. I value friendship so much but I value my parents and their opinion so much more. Until this day I think about how my life would have been different if I didn’t make the decision I did. Life is honestly too short to live with regret but that does  not mean that there won’t be moments where you wish you had done something differently. I am proud of the path I chose and made new friends because in the end I was able to make my parents proud because they liked my new group of friends and I became apart of a new social circle. I never had anything handed to me in my life, whatever I wanted and wished for I was the one in charge for it. Just like Robert Frost I had to stand there and look as far as I could into my future to be able to make the choice that would be most right for me. Even though I lost so many friends that I was once close to, it helped me mature and also became a strong person. In this world we live in, we have to lose certain things to be able to gain more challenges that become second nature to us. The outcome of my choice of choosing to make new friends was that I gained more of my parents’ trust, attention, and love. Love is the most important thing other than health for a family to share. Frost showed me that in order to move forward in life, no matter how uncertain, you just have to give it a try and see what the outcome is. Sometimes it won’t be the outcome in which you wanted to acquire but it wont necessarily be one that you dread for the rest of your life. There will be moments where you will dwell on the past and hoped you had taken another road but you have to focus on the future. Looking back now, I do not regret the choice I made even if it involved losing some friends that had turned into family. Not everything in life is meant to be regretful. There are so many wonderful aspects of life we never figure out because we are too busy worrying about how difficult an obstacle may be. God and life itself puts obstacles in our way to show us we can overcome any hardships. I knew by making my choice to make new friends I myself would become a better person. Just like the ending of Robert Frost’s poem â€Å" And that has made all the difference.†

C. Vann Woodwards The Strange Career of Jim Crow :: Woodward Strange Jim Crow Essays

C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book The Strange Career of Jim Crow is a close look at the struggles of the African American community from the time of Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement. The book portrays a scene where the Negroes are now free men after being slaves on the plantations and their adaptation to life as being seen as free yet inferior to the White race and their hundred year struggle of becoming equals in a community where they have always been seen as second class citizens. To really understand the motivation of C. Vann Woodward’s motives of his book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, one must look at Mr. Woodward’s life. Comer Vann Woodward was born and raised in Vanndale, AK in Cross County on November 13, 1908. The town was named after his mother’s aristocratic family. He attended Henderson- Brown College in Arkadelphia, AK for two years before transferring to Emory University in Atlanta, GA in 1930, where he graduated. He received his PHD in history at the University of North Carolina and after he took graduate classes at Columbia University where he was introduced and influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946-61 and at Yale University from 1961-67. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chestnut’s Civil War and won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South*. It was when he was teaching at Johns Hopkins when he wrote the book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. It was during the court ruling of Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 that Woodward started his lectures, which lead to his book, at the University of Virginia. His audience was more or less surprised about the race relations of the old south during reconstruction; most thought that the two races have always been separated with hatred. Woodward argues that the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s were a new concept of separating the two races. Throughout slavery and during the reconstruction period, the two races were fully integrated working on economics and political problems; the separation of the two races would lead to an insufficient and ineffective plantation. â€Å"The typical dwelling of a slave-owning family was a walled compound shared by both master and slave families.

Diabetes mellitus, Essay

Since diabetes is such a complex disease with many different forms, we decided to focus on diabetes type I. This is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This type of diabetes includes people who are dependant on injections of insulin on a daily basis in order to satisfy the bodies insulin needs, they cannot survive without these injections. OVERVIEW OF DIABETES TYPE I What is diabetes type I? In order to understand the disease we firstly need to know about insulin. Insulin is a hormone. The role of insulin is to convert the food we eat into various useful substances, discarding everything that is wasteful. It is the job of insulin to see that the useful substances are put to best use for our well-being. The useful substances are used for building cells, are made ready for immediate expenditure as energy and also stored for later energy expenditure. The cause of diabetes is an absolute or lack of the hormone insulin. As a result of this lack of insulin the processes that involve converting the foods we eat into various useful substances does not occur. Insulin comes from the beta cells which are located in the pancreas. In the case of diabetes type I almost all of the beta cells have been destroyed. Therefore daily injections of insulin become essential to life. Health implications of diabetes type I One of the products that is of vital importance in our bodies is glucose, a simple carbohydrate sugar which is needed by virtually every part of our body as fuel to function. Insulin controls the amount of glucose distributed to vital organs and also the muscles. In diabetics due to the lack of insulin and therefore the control of glucose given to different body parts they face death if they don’t inject themselves with insulin daily. Since strict monitoring of diabetes is needed for the control of the disease, little room is left for carelessness. As a result diabetic patients are susceptible to many other diseases and serious conditions if a proper course of treatment is not followed. Other diseases a diabetic is open to: Cardiovascular disease, stroke, Peripheral artery disease, gangrene, kidney disease, blindness, hypertension, nerve damage, impotence etc. Basically there is an increased incident of infection in diabetic sufferers. Therefore special care needs to be taken to decrease the chances of getting these other serious diseases. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY What is physical activity? (Bouchard 1988) States that physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure. Therefore this includes sports and leisure activities of all forms. Why do we need physical activity in our lives? Physical activity and exercise helps tune the â€Å"human machine†, our bodies. Imagine a car constantly driven only to stop for fuel. It would be a client for all sorts of damage, rusting, oil leaking, dehydration and the chances are most likely it would die in the middle of the road not long after. This is what the body would be like if we didn’t exercise at all. We would be and as a result of todays lifestyle many of us are, the perfect target to all kinds of diseases and infections. For those of us who are carrier of some disease or illness we are still encouraged to exercise by our physicians if we have the strength to. This is to help make our organs, muscles, bones and arteries more efficient and better equipped to fight against the disease or illness. This is our way of counter attacking. And if we are still healthy then we reduce the chances of getting an illness or a disease. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIABETES (EPIDEMIOLOGY) Recently insulin injections have become available to dependant patients. However in the pre-insulin era physical exercise was one of the few therapies available to physicians in combating diabetes. For an IDDM carrier to benefit from exercise they need to be well aware of their body and the consequences of exercising. If an IDDM carrier has no real control over their situation and just exercise without considering their diet, time of insulin intake, type of exercise, duration of the exercise and the intensity, then the results can be very hazardous to the patient. In the first journal article that I used for this part of the research (Sutton 1981) had conducted an investigation on â€Å"drugs used in metabolic disorders†. The article is designed to provide some background information on previous beliefs and research conducted early this century. As well as his own investigations conducted during the beginning of the 1980’s. He has compared the results and came to the same conclusion as the investigations done early in this century. Sutton’s findings show that decrease in blood glucose following an insulin injection was magnified when the insulin was followed by physical activity/exercise (see figure 1). This shows that if a person gets involved in physical activity or exercise after insulin the volume of glucose drops dramatically. This leads to symptoms of hypoglycemia. The reason this occurs is that glucose uptake by muscles increase during exercise, in spite of no change or even a diminishing plasma insulin concentration. As a result of this type of information we know now that if a patient is not controlled through a good diet and program then they could put themselves in danger. A person who might be poorly maintained and ketotic will become even more ketotic and hypoglycimic. Good nutrition is of great importance to any individual especially one that exercises. In the case of diabetes even more consideration must go into the selection of food before and after exercise. Doctors suggest large intakes of carbohydrates before exercise for diabetes carriers to meet the glucose needs of the muscles. The second article that I used was that of Konen, et al. He and his colleagues conducted testing and research on â€Å"changes in diabetic urinary and transferrin excretion after moderate exercise†. This article was a report of the way the research was conducted and it’s findings. The researched found that urinary proteins, particularly albumin, increase in urinary excretion after moderate exercise. Albumin which is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases in diabetic patience was found to increase significantly in IDDM patients, while remaining normal in non-diabetics. (See table 1 and 2 for results) These results cannot be conclusive to say that this shows that exercise causes other micro- and macrovascular diseases in diabetics. Since albumin is not associated with any disease in non-diabetics then the same may be the case for diabetics as well. However further research is required to find out why such a significant increase occurs in diabetic patients and what it really means. It obvious that there are many very complicated issues associated with diabetes which cannot be explained at this stage. Therefore much more research is required and it’s only a matter of time for these complications to resolved. Although there are no firm evidence to suggest that exercise will improve or worsen diabetes still it is recommended by physicians. Aristotle and the Indian physician, Sushruta, suggested the use of exercise in the treatment of diabetic patients as early as 600 B.C. And during late last century and early this century many physician claimed that the need for insulin decreased in exercising patients. The benefits of exercise in non-diabetic individuals is well known. For example reduce the risk of heart disease. This makes exercise very important to diabetic carriers since they are at a greater risk of getting heart disease than non-diabetics. Unquestionably, it’s important for diabetics to optimise cardiovascular and pulmonary parameters as it is for non-diabetic individual. Improved fitness can improve one’s sense of well-being and ability to cope with physical and psychological stresses that can be aggravated in diabetes.

Muar 211 Study Guide

MUMedieval Period * Hildegard von Bingen: Columba aspexit * Genre = plainchant * Text = sacred, Latin * Texture: monophonic throughout * Performance practice: responsorially, that is, the performance alternates between a single singer (soloist) and the larger choir, which â€Å"responds† * The piece becomes more melismatic as it continues. * Ensemble: female vocal soloist, female vocal choir, droning instrument that plays out one note (the final) * Guillaume da Machaut: Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient * Genre = chanson (general term for French secular song) * Text = vernacular (language French), secular Texture = non-imitative polyphony (four voices with four independent melodies that never repeat the music of another voice part) Ensemble: a cappella Renaissance Period * Guillaume Dufay: Ave maris stella * Fauxbordon style: a form of harmonization in three parts in which the second line follows the top line a perfect fourth below. The voices are often â€Å"moving in parallel thirds,† a relatively new sound and texture at the time. * Based in the Dorian mode Homophonic/homophonic texture (multiple parts that move mostly in homorhytm, therefore creating a succession of chords) * The top line is an elaborated form of a Gregorian chant melody ie the top line is a cantus firmus. Latin * Genre: Hymn (harmonized hymn) b/c it is sacred and the same music is repeated over and over for changing verses of that sacred text * Josquin Desprez: Kyrie from Pange lingua Mass * Genre: Kyrie from a late Renaissance Mass * Texture: 4 part polyphony; imitative polyphony * Ensemble: a cappella; 4 part choir; SATB Text: Ancient, sacred Greek prayer (only part of Mass in Greek); First part of Mass Ordinary Baroque Period * H enry Purcell: â€Å"Thy hand Belinda† from Dido and Aeneas, Act III final scene. * Libretto is an abbreviated English-language adaptation (by librettist Nahum Tate) of an episode from the Aeneid, the Latin epic written by Virgil in the 1st century BC (between 29 and 19 BC) that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the mythical ancestor of the Romans. Aeneas and his men are shipwrecked at Carthage on the northern shore of Africa.Dido, the Queen of Carthage, and Aeneas fall in love, but Aeneas cannot forget that the gods have commanded him to continue his journey until he reaches Italy (where it has been foretold that he will found a great empire, Rome). A much as he hates to hurt his love, the Queen Dido, he knows that he must leave and continue his quest. He leaves, as heroes must. * In her grief, Dido decides she cannot live with her grief and slashes her wrists. She then sings the moving recitative â€Å"Thy hand, Belinda,â⠂¬  and the aria that follows (a Lament aria), which is the culminating point in the opera, followed by a final chorus * Homophonic Antonio Vivaldi: Violin Concerto in G, La stravanganza, op. 4 no. 2, first and second movements http://youtu. be/WftbiFpZszU * First movement: Spirito e non presto (spirited but not presto) The first movement of this work is a RITORNELLO FORM: the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement. This ritornello is alternated with the SOLOS, played by the featured violin soloist. * Second movement: Largo (slowly)This movement is a THEME & VARIATIONS FORM, which means that the melody (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by alternative versions of that same melody. Johann Sebastian Bach * Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, first movement http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=49IOKnhX0Sk&feature=youtu. be * Genre =concerto grosso, since the work requires three soloists – the flute, violin & harpsich ord – plus the orchestral accompaniment * First movement: Allegro. Form of 1st movement = ritornello form (the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement) * Polyphony and homophony at the same time * Imitation in the soloists Fugue 1 in C Major from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=RLZd_36puXAFugue begins at 2:09 * Is a collection of solo keyboard music. He first gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys * Fugue (second half) of this work is part of the required listening for Exam #1. A fugue needs to be able to play more than one note at a time * Imitative polyphony (also called imitative counterpoint) in the work.There is no accompaniment Cantata No. 4, Christ lag in Todesbanden, nos. 4, 5 & 8 http://youtu. be/aVaV0spMDVg * Bach based this cantata on the words and music of a chorale composed by Martin Luther in 1524. Luther’s chorale me lody was based on an Easter hymn from the 12th century. Bach used the melody of Luther’s chorale in every movement of his cantata as a cantus firmus. Text is proper, for certain times of the year * Sacred Cantata * 0:00-1:55 4th movement: tenor aria, â€Å"Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn . . . Note the texture of this movement: the tenor voice and the busy ‘obbligato’ violin part both move rather independently over the accompaniment provided by the basso continuo. Therefore, the movement is basically homophonic, because it has an accompaniment, despite the fact that there are multiple ‘upper parts’ (the tenor voice and violin). The texture of High Baroque music (1700-1750) can often be complicated in this manner—a combination of both polyphony (in the upper parts) and homophony (because of the accompaniment). * 1:59-4:24 5th movement: SATB quartet w/ continuo, â€Å"Es war ein wunderlicher Krieg.The texture of this movement is much more polyphon ic than the first, and the four vocal parts (soprano, also, tenor and bass) ‘imitate’ each other contrapuntally; in other words, the texture of this movement is ‘imitative polyphony. ’ Note also that the instrumental parts ‘move parallel to the voice parts’ (meaning that the instrumental parts play the exact same thing the three vocal soloists are singing); therefore the instruments take part in the polyphony * 7:04-8:23 8th movement: chorale with orchestra, â€Å"Wir essen und leben wohl . . † This final movement is set very simply, in a purely homophonic texture. All of the voice parts move in homorhythm—i. e. , they all move to the same rhythm nearly all of the time. However, they are not singing the same part, but are singing different pitches at the same time, thereby creating a series of chords. The continuo players (the instrumental accompaniment) follow along with the voices, adding there timbres to the overall sound. * Ba ch’s sacred cantatas often end with a homophonic presentation of the chorale melody: i. e. in a presentation of a harmonized chorale. The final movement is set in this simple style so that the congregation could participate in singing the final movement. All of the earlier movements are much more complicated, and would have been performed by professional singers employed by the church. * Note regarding this work on Exam #1: You need to be able to identify the texture and subgenre (aria, SATN quartet, and chorus) of each movementGeorge Frideric Handel * La giustizia† from Julius Caesar â€Å"There were Shepherds† and â€Å"Glory to God† from Messiah * http://youtu. be/SZN6VmKBxPQ * 0:00 – 0:10 secco (‘dry’) recitative; the continuo accompaniment here is very sparse and sometimes completely absent. * 0:10 – 0:29 accompanied recitative (entire orchestra accompanies) * 0:30 – 1:32 secco recitative again (continuo only again; c ello and harpsichord) * 1:13 – 1:32 accompanied recitative (entire orchestra); note that this portion goes straight into the following choral number. * 1:33 – 3:23 â€Å"Glory to God† chorus TERM LIST Medieval Period: 450-1450 Sacred Culture: anything intended to serve as part of worship. Earliest musical manuscripts contain sacred music exclusively because only members of the church was literate, peasants couldn’t write down secular music * Secular Culture: everything else (ie not serving as a part of worship, including art for entertainment only) * Liturgy (as in Roman Catholic liturgy): the system of prayers and worship of a particular religion, dictates how to worship, when to worship, what songs to sing and when.Considered a higher authority * Plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant: Text: Latin (language) and SACRED (function) * Nonmetrical (ie rhythmically free, no discernible beat or meter) * Based on church modes of the Medieval Musical/Theoretical System * Usually performed with a MONOPHIC TEXTURE (texture: how many parts and what is their relationship), although other practices are possible * Usually performed A CAPPELLA (type of ensemble) * Metrical (has a discernable beat) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible beat or meter) * Divine Office Mass: relatively private worship service in convents and monasteries * Mass: large worship service for all Proper of Mass (or Mass Proper): of material into those parts of the text that always remain the same * Ordinary of Mass (Mass Ordinary) material that change according to the particular day in the liturgical year. * Kyrie (a simple prayer), Gloria (a long hymn, beginning), Credo (A recital of the Christian’s list of beliefs, beginning), Sanctus (another, shorter hymn), Agnus dei (Another simple prayer) * Church modes (Medieval Modes): the basis of the harmonic system. A collection of pitches that are organized within a piece of music to emphasize one particular pitch, called the final.These pitches also represent a collection of specific intervals * Responsorial Performance: a manner of performing chant in which a solo singer or leader performed verses of the text and the entire congregation answered each verse with the following verse or with a response or refrain. Common responses were amen and hallelujah, but others were more expansiveu * Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179): was well known in her day and her musical works poetry and other writings were widely copied and disseminated. Visionary, mystic, and prolific writer.CONVENT ABBESS: founded her own convent in Rupertsburg (eastern Germany). Her visions and prophecies made her famous throughout Europe, also known for her writings on science and music, very well educated and powerful woman in her time * Drone: a single two note chord running continuously. Found in Hildegard von Bingen’s Columba Aspexit * Also in the 12th C * Earliest manuscripts of secular music: musical settings of original poetry written by learned men and women (courtiers, monks, nuns, priests) for entertainment in royal courts.Composers were known as troubadours, trouveres, or minnesangers. These secular songs were notated monophonically, but were probably performed with improvised instrumental accompaniment. The poetry of these songs is most often in the vernacular language of the court. Songs dealt with courtly love/chivalry, as well as war and some deal with topics of sexual love * Earliest manuscripts of instrumental music: nearly are all courtly dances such as the Estampie or Salterello, notation suggests a regular rhythmic organization: metric or metered.These manuscripts were created by literate musicians, although dance music was often performed by jongleurs * Earliest manuscripts of polyphonic music: organum the earliest genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies) * Organum: the earliest genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination o f two or more melodies) * Troubadour (south of France)/trouvere (in the north)/Minnesanger (Germany): noble poet composers of court songs who also performed the songs themselves.Among them were kings, prices, and even kings. Troubadour society (but not trouvere) allowed for women composers and performers. Literate classes of people (typically are courtiers). Not for public * Jongleur: popular musicians – Some noble songwriters only penned the words, leaving music to be composed by jongleurs. Popular musicians at the time, the music is relatively simple. Jongleurs played instruments while trouveres sang.Musicians of common status, typically illiterate, who traveled played a memorized repertory, improvising, getting paid when possible, occasionally organizing into guilds * Courtier: someone at a royal count, music for elite class * Chanson: French for song, a genre of French secular vocal music * Cantus Firmus: the way to create new sacred music, in the medieval era, a cantus f irmus was a pre-existing plainchant melody (therefore a sacred melody setting a sacred text) that has been recycled into a new composition ie a cantus firmus is chant melody that serves the basis for new musical creation * Notre Dame School: school of polyphonic music, not actual school setting, but they did influence one another. Group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in late 12th and 13th centuries. * Ars antiqua/ars nova: contemporary terms for the â€Å"old technique† of the 13th century organum and the new polyphonic music of the 14th C. * Guillaume da Machaut (c. 1300 – 1377): was cleric and courtier, a widely celebrated poet and musician. Active at a variety of courts, including the Court of Charles, Duke of Normandy, who later became king of France.Widely known as the greatest musician of his time; renowned ever long after his death – the foremost composer of the ars nova style: the new style of complicated polyphonic mus ic in the late 14th C. This term was used to contrast the new music with the older Notre Dame polyphonic music of the 13th C. known as the ars antiqua * Notre Dame Mass (significance): composed the earliest extant complete setting of the mass ordinary. The five individual parts are based on some of the same borrowed and original musical material so they are musically liked to one another. Earlier complete settings were no doubt created as well, but this is the oldest to survive intact, due to its popularity and wide dissemination Renaissance Period: 1450-1600 Humanism: an intellectual movement and ethical system centered on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity, and freedom, emphasizing secular culture in a rejection of the sacred * Moveable type printing press c. 1450: music printing soon followed, greatly expanded affordable access to vocal and instrumental music of all genres, both sacred and secularLutheran Reformation early 16th C: Martin Luther. The sep aration of protestant Christian sects from the Roman Catholic Church leads to a great diversity in post 1500 sacred music (not all sacred music is Latin) * Counter Reformation, late 16th C. : The Roman Catholic Church responded to the revolt led by Martin Luther by reforming church practices in the spirit of â€Å"true Christian piety. This was the RCC’s attempt to regain the loyalty of its people, as well as regain the loss of power and wealth that had resulted from the â€Å"split† of the church (MUSIC REFORM) * Council of Trent (musical significance): issued general recommendations in favor a pure vocal style that would respect the integrity of the sacred text. (The composer considered to best uphold the reformed ideal of church music was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina)Fascination with and study of Greek and Roman antiquity: once the concern of medieval theologians and scholars only—becomes more common among the ever-larger literate classes; the architectu re, visual arts, poetry, and music of the renaissance demonstrates this influence. Word Painting: the music itself is composed in such a manner that the sound of the music reflects the meaning of the text (words such as fly and glitter were set to rapid notes, up and heaven to even higher ones) * Point of Imitation: a brief passage of imitative polyphony usually using a single musical motive (based on a single theme, or on two used together (used by Josquin Desprez) * Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474): Born and received early musical training in northern France. However, he spent more than 25 years in Italy, as a musician and composer at the courts of various powerful families, or in major cathedrals, including the Papal Chapel in Rome.Dufay composed music in all the sacred and secular genres common to his day— masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, and chants in fauxbordon style (see below), as well as secular songs of all types—using a rich musical language that combined t echniques of earlier masters (the Ars Nova) with the new techniques, textures and textual sensitivity of the emerging Renaissance aesthetics. Fauxbourdon passage in Dufay’s harmonized hymn, Ave maris stella * Harmonized hymn: it has a sacred text, and (2) the same music is repeated over and over for changing verses of that sacred text. Works intended for congregational singing often use this simply form. * Josquin des Prez (1440 – 1521) Born and received early musical training in northern France, moved to Italy where he served in several courts. He composed both sacred and secular music, setting both sacred texts and contemporary poetry. Achieve international fame; known to Martin Luther as the greatest living composer.Returned to northern France in his late life * Claudio Monteverdi (1567 – 1643): the most important musician in the late 16th and early 17th century Italy. Wrote nine books of madrigals, composed operas. Composed high Renaissance and early Baroque music, was a transitional composer who bridged between these two musical style periods writing in and epitomizing the styles and genres of both periods. * Madrigal: a polyphonic secular vocal genre of the Renaissance, a short composition set to a one stanza poem – typically a love poem, with rapid turnover of ideas and images). The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance and early baroque.Madrigals were settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in the vernacular language (originally Italian). Were a genre of â€Å"high art† meaning it was intended for the entertainment of royalty, commoners would rarely be exposed to such music * Giovanni Palestrina (1525 – 1594): worked as an organist and choirmaster at various churches including St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Pope Julius II appointed him to the Sistine Chapel Choir, wrote over 100 settings of he Roman Catholic Mass, Palestrina’s music was known to later generations, mos t importantly Bach who considered it the epitome of sacred music in the â€Å"old style,† was considered the best composer to uphold the reformed ideal of church music Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Monody: literally ‘one song’ characterized by a solo vocal melody with instrumental accompaniment * basso continuo / continuo / figured bass : one, two or more instruments that provide an accompaniment for one or more vocal or instrumental soloists, reading from a musical part that is called the figured bass, because it is notated as a single line of music (the base line) over which numbers (the figures) indicate the other notes to be played on.At least one of the basso continuo instruments plays the bass line as written by the composer, while the other (or others) improvises chords on that bass line * In the Baroque and early Classical periods, the keyboard instrument in the basso continuo was almost always the harpsichord * ‘continuo group’: the instrumentat ion of the basso continuo (also called the continuo r the continuo group) was never specified in the music. Musicians and composers of the period were very practical with regard to performance practices. Therefore, their music was designed to accommodate a wide variety of performance situations * to ‘realize a figured bass’ * improvisation * Ornamentation: the practice (both vocal and instrumental) of spontaneously adding (improvising) short decorative flourishes to the written music during performances). These additional notes are generally called ornaments or embellishments * Score (as in musical score): a piece of music that shows all of the parts in a given piece, all together on each page: also called a full score.Some small ensemble music commonly appears in such a format, but it is not practical for larger ensembles. Full scores of large ensemble works are generally used only by conductors and for study * Part (as in printed musical part): a piece of music that s hows only one portion of the overall performing ensemble, usually just the music of a single instrument or vocalist * Opera (time & place of its invention): Opera was originally created in the wealthy Italian courts of Florence in approximately 1600 by a group of intellectuals; poets and musicians who were attempting to recreate the ancient Greek dramas, which they determined had been sung in a very declamatory (i. e. , speech-like) style. * Two types/subgenres of song in opera:Recitative: a song that imitates and rhythms and pitch patterns of natural speech; usually carries the action and dialogue of an opera; used to forward the action of drama. Not very lyrical and melodious; sounds more like speech or recitation. Good for expressing text, in which the meaning is important, usually does not have long melismas or repetitions of texts. Rhythmically free or nonmetrical. Usually accompanied by only one or two instruments, the basso continuo, which closely follows the singer * Aria: a song for solo voice, often with a larger ensemble playing the accompaniment. Strongly metrical (ie has a strong and recognizable beat).A melodious or lyrical song which expresses an outpouring of emotion, thereby developing the character of the person singing the aria; very lyrical often epeating fragments of the text and containing melismas that ‘show off’ the technical and expressive abilities of the star singers * Both recitatives and arias were also composed as ‘stand alone’ works: as works that were performed alone without being part of a larger work * Libretto / librettist: the libretto is story or text of an opera, written by the librettist almost never the composer himself, but rather someone with literary and poetic skills. Operas were intended as entertainment and use secular text in a vernacular language. The subject matter of librettos vary widely, the earliest operas drew their subject matter from the myths, dramas, and histories of ancient Gr eece and Rome. * Castrato: Male singer castrated before puberty in order to retain the pre-adolescent high vocal range. The most important category of vocal soloists in opera (and other vocal genres) during the baroque, although most of them were employed by Italian churches.Many leading operatic roles for men—whether hero or romantic lead—were written for castrati. Castrati also commonly performed women’s roles. The â€Å"rock stars† of their day, the most successful castrati enjoyed great popularity and financial reward. We know many of their names, careers, and personal exploits today. Today, the operatic roles and other vocal parts originally composed for castrati are sung by (1) women or (2) countertenors or falsettists (male sopranos). * Overture (as in opera): the instrumental piece (for the orchestra alone) that introduces an opera. It is the first thing you hear at the beginning of the opera, often before the main opera characters come on stage.O vertures often contain musical themes from the vocal pieces to follow, sort of ‘foreshadowing’ the action of the opera * Traits of the baroque orchestra: During the Baroque Era that our modern conception of the orchestra, as a group centered around a group of bowed strings, was first developed. However, baroque orchestras were much smaller than the orchestras used in later art music, usually included only 10 to 25 people, and often consisted of nothing but bowed strings and perhaps a harpsichord or organ. Wind instruments (brass and woodwinds) could be used and often were, including a limited array of percussion, but the bowed strings were the CORE of the orchestra from its earliest inception. Henry Purcell (1659-1695): Often referred to as the first great English composer of international acclaim. Worked as a singer, organist and composer in the courts of Charles II (reigned 1660-85), James II (r. 1685-88), and William and Mary (r. 1689- 1702). Purcell’s instrum ental works rank among the finest musical achievements of the middle Baroque. * Lament / lament aria: A poem (or, when set to music, a song) expressing grief, regret or mourning. As a musical subcategory of recitative and aria, it was very popular in the 17th century and after. * Basso ostinato / ground bass: Baroque lament arias often feature a basso ostinato (also known as a ground bass), which is a bass theme that repeats over and over.The basso ostinatos or ground basses of lament arias typically consists of a descending, chromatic figure (often descending from tonic to dominant in the key of the piece) in a slow triple meter. * Recorder: * Harpsichord * Lute (archlute) * Organ viol (viola da gamba) * MULTI-MOVEMENT WORK: a musical work under one title that is actually several separate musical pieces that are always played together in the same order. Each of the individual pieces that comprise a multi-movement genre is called a MOVEMENT. It is typical that the various movements of a multi-movement instrumental work all employ the same ensemble, although there are some exceptions.On the other hand, large-scale vocal/instrumental genres (such as operas, cantatas and oratorios) often contain movements that contrast with regard to the ensemble used. The individual movements with any multi-movement genre are designed both to complement and contrast with one another with regard to key, tempo, and musical material. * Sonata * Trio sonata: multi-movement genre for TWO instrumental soloists and basso continuo. Be careful about this one, because the ensemble can vary widely. Since the basso continuo part might be played by one, two or three people, the total ensemble of a trio sonata could include from 3 players (2 soloists + 1 continuo player) to 5 players (2 soloists + 3 continuo players) or even more.Solo concerto: multi-movement (usually three but not standardized in the baroque era) genre for a single instrumental soloist (of any type) and orchestra (including basso continuo) * Concerto grosso: multi-movement (usually three but could be more) genre for two or more instrumental soloists and orchestra (including the basso continuo). Many such works were written for two violinists and basso continuo (the solo group) accompanied by a larger group (the orchestra, which usually also consisted of strings only). Part of the interest in such works is the exciting contrast of the smaller solo group with the larger orchestra. During the Baroque Era, concerto grosso (concerto grossi is the Italian plural) were NEVER titled Concerto Grosso.They were usually titled simply ‘concerto,’ and are therefore difficult to differentiate from a solo concerto by title alone. * Suite / dance suite / baroque dance suite: a multi-movement genre for orchestra without any particular featured soloists. Usually each movement is named after and is an example of a particular dance type, although some movements might have other inspirations and be unrelated to dance. SUITE, by definition, means a multi-movement collection of dances. Dance suites could be used for dancing or simply as concert works for listening enjoyment. * Multi-movement instrumental work for orchestra alone (in baroque also w/ continuo group) * The number of movements was not very standardized during the Baroque period.Some examples of the genre have as many as nine (for instance, Handel’s Suite No. 2 in D major, popularly known as part of the Water Music). * The individual movements are often evocative of DANCE TYPES and have dance-related names (Minuet, Bourree, Gigue, Hornpipe, etc. ), although there are also other types of names as well (especially ‘Air,’ a title that implies a lyrical, slow piece with song-like qualities). * The prominence of this genre during the baroque period highlights the importance of dance during the period. * Fugue * An entire piece or distinct subsection of music that employs imitative polyphony in a strictly prescribe d manner.A fugue can be a genre (if an entire piece or movement contains nothing but that fugue), but it is also possible for a subsection of a piece to be described as a ‘fugue’. * Fugues may be written for any instrument capable of polyphonic solo playing, or for any combination of voices or instruments, or instruments and voices together. * The first musical theme of a fugue is called the SUBJECT. After its first appearance in a single voice or part, you will then hear that same melody again and again in the other parts. Not really a genre because it doesn’t tell you the ensemble. * J. S. Bach’s music is generally regarded as one of the greatest artistic achievements of the Baroque Period.At the end of his life, however, his musical style was rather old fashioned, for the newer style of the early classic period was already being composed by a number of younger composers, including Bach’s own sons. These younger composers of the new classical styl e were not sympathetic to complex polyphony, preferring a more simple, homophonic texture. Ritornello form: the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement. * Theme & variations form: the melody (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by alternative versions of that same melody. * Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) * Must know J. S. Bach’s death date (1750) marks the end of the Baroque Period.German, Lutheran composer and one of the most influential figures in western music history. Born into a family of musicians. Eventually known as a virtuoso organist (expert of construction and maintance). * At age 23, J. S. Bach was appointed his first important position: court organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Weimar. He later worked for five years at the court of the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen, where he wrote some of his most famous instrumental works, including The Brandenburg Concertos. * J. S. Bach also composed h is very famous suites (a multi-movement collection of dances) for unaccompanied violoncello (i. e. , cello) during his time working for the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen. * At age 38 J. S.Bach was appointed his most prestigious position when he became CANTOR (i. e. , the music director) at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig * Cantor: music director, head of choir * Sacred Cantata (as composed by J. S. Bach between 1700 and 1750) * A fairly large-scale, multi-movement vocal/instrumental genre, typically consisting of six to eight movements, used in the worship services of German Lutheran Churches. * Sacred cantatas are NOT a dramatic presentation like opera; a cantata (whether sacred or secular) features no plot, acting, costumes, stage movement, etc. ), although it is divided into choruses, arias, recitatives, duets, and instrumental pieces etc. just like an opera or oratorio.The ensemble of a sacred cantata consists of a smallish choir (12 or so), vocal soloists, an orchestra (10-20 or so) and an organ, although larger groups of singers and instrumentalists were used on special occasions (like major feast days in the liturgical calendar). * Texts are in the vernacular language (German) * Lutheran chorale * Hymn-like songs used for congregational singing in the Lutheran Church, composed in a rather simple, four-part (SATB) texture. It is a sacred genre that was (and is) sung during the worship service by the congregation along with the professional choir (the latter of whom would have performed the sacred cantata during the worship service). Many chorales date back to Martin Luther (1483-1546) himself, although new ones were continuously composed for centuries. *Chorales are STROPHIC: i. e. , each verse of text is sung to the same repeated music. * George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) * German-born composer who created numerous works in every genre of his day, including orchestral dance suites, organ concertos, and concerti grossi, but he is most remembered for his 39 Itali an-style operas and his oratorios for English audiences. * Unlike most professional musicians of his day, Handel was not from a musical family, but he studied with a local organist and composer from a young age. At 18 he worked as a violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of an opera house in Hamburg; at 20 he produced his first successful opera. * At 21 he went to Italy, where he further studied the Italian opera style; he also composed and successfully produced operas in Italy. * In 1710 Handel took a well-paid position as music director for Elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover, who became Handel’s patron. A friend of the arts, this patron allowed Handel to travel extensively and promote his music on the international stage. * Handel made several trips to London to produce his operas, and he eventually moved there in 1712 and remained in England for the rest of his life. * Handel became London’s most important composer and a favorite of Queen Anne.* Oratorio: Much l ike n opera, a large-scale music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra; oratorios are multi-movement works that contain arias, recitatives, duets, trios, choral numbers, and interludes for orchestra alone. * Usually based on a narrative libretto with plots and characters (one of whom is usually a narrator); however, unlike an opera there is no acting, scenery, or costumes. * Handel’s oratorios are usually based on stories from the Old Testament: for example Handel’s oratorios Israel in Egypt and Joshua. * Secular genre composed and performed for entertainment purposes; usually performed in an opera theater or other large, secular, public venue. * Da capo aria form: a specific type of ternary form (A—B—A). Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741): The â€Å"Red Priest† Famous and influential as a virtuoso violinist and composer. Born in Venice, Italy, the son of a violinist employed at St. Mark’s Cathedral. Known as the â€Å"Red Priest† b ecause he was indeed a priest and had rather wild red hair. Worked as a violin teacher, composer, and conductor at the Music School of the Pieta, orphanage for girls. The orchestra and chorus at this school was one of the finest in Italy, and much of Vivaldi’s music was composed for them to perform. Although he composed operas and church music, he is best known for his 450 or so concertos (both solo concertos and concertos grosso; see following notes).General Terminology & Concepts Genre: a specific category of musical composition as defined by its musical characteristics or traits; for instance a Gregorian chant, a string quartet, an art song * Ensemble/medium: the instruments, voices, or anything else that makes sound and takes part in music making. A. k. a. instrumentation (but don’t forget about the voices). Some particular types of ensembles became standardized within a given genre culture and become associated with more or less specific social settings, functions , or musical styles * Range of Human Voices (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Base) * SATB choir: defining the voices required by a chorus or choir to perform a particular musical work. Pieces written for SATB, the commonest combination and that used by most Hymn tunes, can be sung by choruses of mixed genders, by choirs of men and boys, or by four soloists. A cappella: (Italian for â€Å"in the manner of the church† or â€Å"in the manner of the chapel†) music is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound *Monophony/monophonic texture: a musical texture involving a single melodic line, as in Gregorian chant, as opposed to polyphony * Polyphony/polyphonic texture: musical texture in which two or more melodic lines are played or sung simultaneously * Imitative polyphony: (continuous imitation) brief usually fragments of melody (motives) are passed from voice to voice (or instrument to instrument) within the performing group, so that these motives are heard again and again within close proximity of each other making the music easier to comprehend and follow * Non-imitative polyphony: four voices with four independent melodies that never repeat the music of another voice part. Non-imitative polyphony is the ideal and most common texture in Medieval polyphonic music * Homophony/homophonic texture: music that is harmonic, chordal texture, a musical texture that involves only one melody of real interest combined with chords or other subsidiary sounds * Melody + accompaniment * Homorhythm/homorhythmic texture: a musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically.Renaissance music often alternates between polyphonic passages (in which all of the parts are independent) and homorhythmic passages (in which all of the parts move together) * Two types of text setting * Syllabic: each syllable of text is set to only one pitch (syllable by syllable) * Melismatic: text setting that contains melismas; a melisma is a single syllable of te xt that is set to large groups of pitches * Pitch: a sound producing vibration that oscillates at a definite and prescribed rate of speed. Are named using the first seven letters of the alphabet (A B C D E F G) * Equal Temperament * The man made division of the octave into 12 equal intervals (measured in ? steps) * The man made division of the octave in 12 half steps (12 half steps per octave) *Equal temperament tuning Accidentals: a note whose pitch is not a member of a scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. In musical notation, the symbols used to mark such notes, sharps (? ), flats (? ), and naturals (? ), may also be called accidentals. An accidental sign raises or lowers the following note from its normal pitch, * Sharp, raises half step ? * Flat, lowers half step ? * Natural, cancels sharp and flat ? * Metrical (has a discernable beat) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible beat or meter) * Tempo: refers to the relative speed of the beat in music * Prest o: very fast * Allegro: fast * Moderato: at a moderate rate * Adagio/adante: slow * Dynamics: refers to the relative loudness or softness of the music. * Forte = f = play loudly Mezzo forte = mf = somewhat loudly (less loud than f) * Mezzo piano = mp = somewhat softly (less loud than mf) * Piano = p = play softly * Crescendo = < = to become gradually louder * Descrescendo = > = to become gradually softer Recap of Genres Studied * Chanson: French Secular Song * chorale (Lutheran chorale): * concerto grosso * fugue * hymn / harmonized hymn * madrigal * Mass * motet * opera * oratorio * organum * plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant * sacred cantata * solo concerto * sonata (solo sonata) * suite / dance suite / baroque dance suite * trio sonata Sinfonia: in the 18th Century sinfonia and overture were used interchangeably. Later on the symphony was a genre was created